STANDARISASI CONTAINER

Bahwa kita telah mengetahui definisi container secara umum, namun definisi diatas belum ada standar yang jelas tentang ukuran, maupun kapasitas muatan, untuk itu dibawah ini kita akan uraian berdasarkan standar-standar pengangkutan yang ada dalam sistem pengangkutan container.

1. UKURAN CONTAINER

Ukuran muatan dalam pembongkaran atau pemuatan kapal petikemas dinyatakan dalam TEU (Twenty Foot Equivalen Unit), oleh karenanya ukuran standar dari petikemas dimulai dari panjang 20 feet, maka satu petikemas 20’ dinyatakan sebagai 1 TEU dan petikemas ukuran 40’ dinyatakan sebagai 2 TEU.

Badan Internasional Standar Organization (ISO), telah menyatakan dan menetapkan ukuran petikemas sebagai berikut :

a. Petikemas ukuran 20 Feet

- Ukuran luar : 20’(P) x 8’(L)x8,6’(T) atau : 6,058 m x 2,438 m x 2,591 m

- Ukuran dalam : 5,919 m x 2,340 m x 2,380 m

- Kapasitas : 33 cbm

- Max Pay Load : 22,1 Ton

Petikemas ukuran 40 Feet

- Ukuran luar : 40’(P) x 8’(L)x8,6’(T) atau : 12,192 m x 2,438 m x 2,591 m

- Ukuran dalam : 12,045 m x 2,309 m x 2,379 m

- Kapasitas : 67,3 cbm

- Max Pay Load : 27,396 Ton

2. STANDAR LABEL CONTAINER

Container Parts

The main components of a container are described below with accompanying diagram.

1. Corner Post: Vertical frame components located at the corners of freight containers and integral with the corner castings and floor structures.

2. Corner Castings: Fittings located at the corner of the freight container which provide means for lifting, handling, stacking and securing the container. Header and Sill: In way of door entrance with overhead horizontal header frame and similar floor level threshold sill.

3. Front-End Frame: The structure at the front end of the container (opposite the door end) consisting of top and bottom rails attached to the front corner posts and the corner castings.

4. Top Rail: Longitudinal structural members located at the top edge on either side of the freight container.

5. Bottom Rail: Longitudinal structural members located at the bottom edge on either side of the freight container.

6. Cross-members: A series of transverse beams at approximately 12 inch centres attached to the bottom side rail and an integral part of the floor frame support.

7. Floor: The floor may be hard or soft laminated wood, planks or plywood.

8. Roof: Roof bows are the undermost structure of the roof and are usually placed at 18 or 24 inch centres. Modern steel GP containers (except open top containers) are not fitted with roof bows but will have corrugated or flat steel sheet roofs welded to the frame members. Aluminium containers have aluminium sheathing, bonded with adhesive to the roof bows and riveted to the top rails and headers. GRP containers have fibreglass reinforced plywood panels fastened to the rail and headers. The roof is the part of the container most vulnerable to damage.

9. Sides & Front: Modern steel GP containers will have corrugated steel panels. Aluminium containers have aluminium sheathing on the sides and front of the container which are affixed to aluminium stringers which are in turn bolted to the top and bottom rails and also to the front end frame. The stringers may be on the outside or inside of the sheathing. GRP containers do not use stringers for supporting the fibreglass reinforced plywood panels. The side and the front of steel containers are made of corrugated steel sheets eliminating stringers.

10. Doors: Doors may be ply-metal (plywood core with steel or aluminium facings), corrugated, or combinations with fibreglass. The hinged doors have plastic or rubber lined door gaskets as seals against water ingress.

11. Security seal: Used in conjunction with locking mechanism in order to seal the containers for security purposes. These seals are numbered and often colour coded.

CONTAINER PARTS

Container Damage

Common types of container damage are listed below.

1. Racking: Is the twisting of the structural shell of the container due to static or dynamic forces and is commonly associated with movements in a seaway. The standard ISO container racking limit is nominally 15 tonnes. To counter these forces, diagonal lashings may be applied in accordance with the vessel's lashing system. In high stacks, the lower container is subject to the greatest racking forces and the lashing systems must be designed to take this into account.

2. Toppling: Can occur when containers are subjected to extreme rolling motions aboard ship or standing in a stack, exposed to high winds. Counter measures are twistlocks and lashings.

3. Container collapse (corner-post compression) : Results from exceeding allowable loads on the container corner posts and can be avoided by staying within weights limits of the container. Where lashings are applied aboard ship, avoid over tensioning of lashings.

4. Local structural failure: Is the separation of structural components of a container such as side-wall separation from top and bottom rails and separation of the corner castings from the side rails.

5. Holes in containers: are the most common kinds of damage. Roof damage is often caused by lifting spreaders indenting the roof when locating corner castings and twistlocks and lashing gear being thrown down on top. Holes in container walls can be caused by fork-lift trucks, collision with other containers or lifting devices. Holes in containers can be easily detected by interior inspection with the doors closed and noting any light entering the container. This can also reveal faulty door seal gaskets and is extremely important check to be made.

6. Interior Contamination: Container floors become seriously contaminated by cargoes such as wet hides which can cause tainting to future cargoes. Interior paintwork can also be stripped by cargoes such as naphthalene and cloves.

Di dalam pengoperasian container harus memenuhi standar yang berlaku di dunia transportasi, dalam memenuhi standar dimaksud telah dibentuk standar label container secara Internasional dan dibuatlah badan standar internasional yaitu International Standart Organisation ( ISO) . dimana keberadaan ditetapkan pada tanggal 23 Februari 1947 sebagai penganti badan International Federation of the National Standardization yang dibentuk pada tahun 1926. Dimana ISO anggotanya terdiri dari badan hukum negara-negara yang mempunyai standar nasional negara-negara masing-masing.

Dalam standarisasi container tersebut ditempatkan label-label di dinding-dinding container untuk mempermudah penelusuran container dari sisi pemilik, ukuran container, negara . adapun secara detail label-label di dalam container itu meliputi :

a. Owner Code, Serial Number dan check digit

Contoh Label :